NCLEX Diagnosis Focused Quiz & Study Guide

NCLEX DIAGNOSIS QUIZ & STUDY GUIDES

Quiz

Nephrology

1.
A patient has had 10 kidney stones over the last 3 years. They are very concerned about why they keep getting these stones. You look at their medical history, family history, and medication list for any risk factors. You know that which of the following diagnosis increases the likelihood of developing a renal calculi?


 
 
 
 

2. A child has nephrotic syndrome. A symptom of this is facial and periorbital edema. What time of day will this be most prominent?
 
 
 
 

Hematology

3. A woman comes in complaining that her 5 yr old is eating paint chips. What would be your immediate concern?
 
 
 
 

4. Your patient has just been diagnosed with Factor V Leiden thrombophilia. You are educating them about this disease. Which of the following is true about patients who have Factor V Leiden?
 
 
 
 

5. A 34 year old male has just been given education on sickle cell anemia. Discharge teaching has been effective if the patient with sickle cell anemia says:
 
 
 
 

Medications

6. A patient has just been diagnosed with C-diff. All of the following would be acceptable to start except?
 
 
 
 

Neurology

7.
A patient presents with symptoms that are consistent with Bell's palsy. Damage to which cranial nerve causes Bell's Palsy

 
 
 
 

8. A patient has just been diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. Which of the following MOST accurately fits the 4 hallmark findings of Parkinson's disease?
 
 
 
 

9. If a patient has a frontal lobe stroke, which of the following areas of function would MOST likely be affected?
 
 
 
 

10. You are taking care of a patient with a brain tumor. Which nursing diagnosis would be priority?
 
 
 
 

11. A patient you are caring for has a subdural hematoma. Which position should their bed be in?
 
 
 
 

Assessment

12. A classic symptom of Guillain–Barre Syndrome is muscle weakness. What kind of muscle weakness is characteristically seen with this diagnosis?

 
 
 
 

Musculoskeletal

13.
A patient comes in post fall. It's thought that the fall is from de-conditioning. As you look through the labs you notice that the CK level is 1,750. Patient is on aspirin, simvastatin, and Lisinopril. Which of the below is most likely?

 
 
 
 

14. A 35 yr old patient states they have been running and noticed a dull aching knee pain over their knee cap. It is worse when they are sitting with their knee bent for long periods of time. They deny any recent injury and/or any popping sounds. What is the MOST likely diagnosis?
 
 
 
 

15. You are taking care of a patient who has myasthenia gravis. They are being treated for a bacterial infection. Many antibiotics are contraindicated in myasthenia gravis, as it may cause a flare. Which antibiotic would be the safest to take for patients who have myasthenia gravis?
 
 
 
 

Endocrine

16. A 32 year old female has just been diagnosed with hypothyroidism. She is discussing some of her symptoms. Which of the following symptom would she most likely have?

 
 
 
 
 

17. Which of the following would most likely have a tendency to cause hypernatremia?
 
 
 
 
 

18. A patient has diabetes insipidus. You are collecting their urine. What kind of urine best describes what you would see in this patient?
 
 
 
 

Labs

19. If an individual has primary hypothyroidism what would you expect the TSH level to be?
 
 
 
 

HEENT

20. A 53 old male has a history of ankylosing spondylitis. They develop pain in the eyes, blurred vision, injected sclera, and they are seeing dark floating spots. Which of the following eye conditions has most likely developed in relation to their ankylosing spondylitis?
 
 
 
 

21.
A patient comes in complaining of a dark curtain moving across their vision, floaters, and flashes of light. They deny any eye pain. What is the next intervention?

 
 
 
 

22.
A patient slept in their contacts. They come in to the clinic complaining of severe eye pain, photophobia, and red eyes. They are wearing sun glasses. What do you suspect?

 
 
 
 

23. A patient comes in with a swollen neck. They have a fever of 101.3 and complain of neck pain 8/10. They recently had a tooth infection that they didn't get treated. What diagnosis does this best describe?
 
 
 
 

Gastroenterology

24. A patient has a lipid panel done with results showing hypertriglyceridemia. The triglycerides are at 950. Which gastrointestinal condition, from the choices below, is this patient at highest risk to develop?
 
 
 
 

25. A patient has dumping syndrome. They had lunch approximately 3 hours ago. What would be a late symptom of dumping syndrome?
 
 
 
 

26. A patient has ischemic colitis. Which of the following is most often associated with this diagnosis?
 
 
 
 

27. A patient has a positive stool occult. Their vital signs are stable. A CBC has not been drawn yet. What should be done first?
 
 
 
 

28. A patient who has ulcerative colitis is asking which foods are appropriate for them to eat. Which food below would be MOST appropriate?
 
 
 
 

Microbiology

29. Legionella pneumoniae (which is a bacteria that can cause walking pneumonia), is LEAST likely to be caused/found in which place?
 
 
 
 

Genetics

30. You are doing an assessment on an individual with Marfan's syndrome. Which of the following is not a characteristic of Marfan's syndrome?
 
 
 
 
 

Facts

31. Your patient has just been diagnosed with Bell's palsy. Which of the following is a true statement about Bell's palsy?
 
 
 
 

Uncategorized

32. You have a 25 yr old patient who has concerns about developing Hepatitis C. They are an IV drug user who regularly shares needles. They live in California. They have 5 different sex partners. They share utensils with others. You know that the greatest risk factor that they have for developing Hepatitis C is which of the following?
 
 
 
 

33. A patient who has end stage renal disease (ESRD) is on calcium carbonate. They know to take this medication near their meals. What is the MOST likely reason that they are taking this medication?
 
 
 
 

34. A patient with cystic fibrosis gives you a list of particular foods that they eat. Which statement below indicates that they need further dietary education?
 
 
 
 

35. A patient is diagnosed with fat embolism syndrome after sustaining multiple fractures from a motor vehicle accident. Which bone fracture is most commonly associated with the development of fat embolism syndrome?
 
 
 
 

36. A 28 year old female is pregnant and has a history of chronic alcoholism for 5 years. She has not stopped drinking. Which trimester is the development of fetal alcohol syndrome the highest?
 
 
 
 

37. The nurse is caring for a patient who was just diagnosed with multiple sclerosis. The patient is describing their symptoms. Which of the following is the most common early symptom of multiple sclerosis?
 
 
 
 

Procedures

38. A patient just had a thoracentesis done 30 minutes ago. The patient suddenly develops chest pain and shortness of breath. A chest x-ray is ordered. What is the most likely complication?
 
 
 
 

Genitourinary

39. A male patient comes in with concerns that his scrotal area "feels like a bag of worms". What diagnosis would be most likely?
 
 
 
 

40. The physician has prescribed doxycycline for a patient who has a chlamydial infection.  All of the following are correct teaching points except:
 
 
 
 

Pulmonary

41. You are taking care of a 32 yr old patient who has COPD. You ask them if they smoke or have a history of smoking. They say no. What deficiency is most often linked to increased likelihood of developing COPD?
 
 
 
 

42. A patient is in respiratory failure and needs to be intubated. Which ABG would most likely coincide with an individual who needs to be intubated?
 
 
 
 

Pediatrics

43. It is suspected that a child has fetal alcohol syndrome.  Which physical feature is MOST likely?
 
 
 
 

Cardiology

44. A patient comes in to the ER with chest pain. They have a strong history of cardiac disease. A myocardial infarction is suspected. Which would be the first priority?
 
 
 
 

Infectious Disease

45. Your patient has syphilis and is in the secondary stage. What sign and or symptom would most likely happen in this stage?
 
 
 
 

Post Surgical

46. A client who just had a bowel resection is assigned to a semiprivate room. Which would be the most appropriate patient to room with this patient?
 
 
 
 


 

Hallmark Signs & Symptoms

Addison’s Disease:

  • Hypotension
  • Salt craving
  • Hyponatremia
  • Syncope
  • Hyperkalemia
  • Darkening of skin
  • Fever
  • Not enough cortisol

Basal Cell Carcinoma

  • Slow growing
  • Waxy or Pearly appearance nodules
  • Usually on face
  • Usually in females >40 yrs old

Bulimia Nervosa:

  • Elevated amylase
  • Over preoccupied with weight, shape, appearance
  • Binge eating recurrent
  • Hoarse voice
  • Sore throat
  • Recurrent diuretic, laxative use

Congestive Heart Failure:

  • Shortness of air
  • Rapid weight gain
  • JVD
  • Extremity swelling
  • Orthopnea
  • Elevated BNP

COPD:

  • Wheezing
  • Thick sputum
  • Clubbed finger nails
  • Barrel chest
  • Coughing
  • Shortness of breath

Crohns:

  • Diarrhea
  • Weight loss
  • Malnutrition
  • Abdomen pain
  • Blood in stool
  • Fever
  • Fatigue

Croup:

  • Barky seal like cough
  • Hoarseness
  • Inspiratory stridor
  • Neck Xray= + Steeple sign
  • Cause: Virus usually parainfluenza (1,2,3)

Cushing Syndrome:

  • Acne
  • Buffalo hump
  • Moon Face
  • Osteoporosis
  • Striae
  • Hyperglycemia
  • Central obesity
  • Too much cortisol

Cataracts:

  • Cloudy vision
  • Blurred vision
  • Halos around lights
  • Fading of colors
  • Sensitivity to light

Cystic fibrosis:

  • Inability to gain weight
  • Meconium ileus (newborns)
  • Repeated lung infections
  • Wheezing
  • Nasal congestion (from thick mucus)
  • Persistent cough
  • Greasy foul smelling stools
  • Growth development delays

Depression

  • Lack of motivation
  • Excessive sleep
  • Irritable
  • Feeling hopeless
  • Less interest in previous hobbies/activities
  • Decreased energy

Glaucoma (angle closure)

  • Severe pain in eye
  • Headache
  • nausea and or vomiting
  • Decreased vision
  • Blurred vision
  • Increased intraocular pressure

Diabetes:

  • Polydipsia (increased thirst)
  • Polyuria (increased urination)
  • Polyphagia (increased hunger)
  • A1c >6.4

DKA:

  • Kussmaul breathing
  • Nausea and or vomiting
  • Abdomen pain
  • Hyponatremia
  • Confusion
  • Glucose >250
  • Polydipsia
  • Polyphagia
  • Polyuria

Epiglottitis:

  • Hot potato voice
  • Drooling
  • Severe sore throat
  • Leaning forward helps with symptoms
  • Neck Xray= + Thumb sign
  • Anxious, restless
  • Fever
  • Don’t examine the throat if suspected!

Failure to Thrive:

  • Lack of weight gain
  • Developmental delays
  • Irritability
  • Fatigued
  • Excessive sleepiness
  • Learning difficulties

Hepatitis:

  • Jaundice
  • Elevated liver enzymes
  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Ascites

HELLP Syndrome:

  • H- Hemolysis
  • EL- Elevated liver enzymes
  • LP- Low platelets
  • Happens in connection with preeclampsia

Herpes Zoster (Shingles):

  • Usually does not cross midline (is on one side of body)
  • Vesicles in clusters
  • Nerve pain severe even when rash has not erupted yet
  • usually over the age 50 yrs old
  • Crusting of vesicles in 7-10 days
  • Numbness & tingling ina rea of rash
  • Tzanck smear helps to diagnose

Hypertensive Urgency:

  • Blurred vision
  • Dizziness
  • Nausea/vomit
  • Headache

Influenza:

  • Myalgias
  • Dry cough
  • Headache
  • Pharyngitis
  • May have +rapid influenza test

Mono:

  • Severe fatigue
  • Weakness
  • Pharyngitis
  • Lymphadenopathy
  • Splenomegaly
  • Left upper abdomen pain

Multiple Sclerosis:

  • Blurred vision (early sign)
  • Weakness
  • Difficulties walking

Meningitis:

  • Brudzinski sign+
  • Kerning sign+
  • Photophobia
  • Stiff neck
  • Headache
  • High fever

Osteoporosis

  • Bones that break easily
  • Stooped posture
  • Back pain
  • Loss of height

Parkinsons:

  • Shuffled gait
  • Tremors
  • Bradykinesia (slow movement)
  • Rigidity
  • Pill rolling
  • Urine retention
  • Mask like face

Pneumothorax:

  • Shortness of breath
  • Chest pain
  • Recent chest trauma (potentially)
  • Chest tightness
  • Cyanosis
  • Tachycardia

Rhabdomyolysis:

  • Tea colored urine
  • Elevated creatine kinase (CK)
  • Myalgias (muscle aches)
  • Renal failure
  • Liver failure
  • Statin use (risk)
  • Recent fall (risk)

Lymes Disease:

  • Erythema migrans (bull’s- eye skin rash)
  • Severe fatigue
  • Arthralgias

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS):

  • Hypertension
  • Hyperthermia >103 temp
  • Muscle rigidity
  • Tachycardia
  • Use of certain antipsychotic meds can cause ex (especially older ones):
    • Thorazine
    • Haldol
    • Loxitane

Rheumatoid Arthritis

  • Malaise
  • Insidious onset
  • Fevers
  • RF elevated
  • Arthralgia’s (Aching joints)
  • Polyarthritis of hands & feat
  • Stiffness
  • CRP elevated

Lupus

  • Arthralgias
  • Butterfly rash on face
  • ANA elevated
  • Fevers
  • Can have multi system involvement (including kidneys)

Serotonin Syndrome:

  • Agitation
  • Confusion
  • Diaphoretic
  • Tachycardia
  • Muscle rigidity
  • Inability to control muscles
  • High fever
  • Seizure

Impetigo:

  • Honey colored crust over lesions
  • Usually around mouth nose area in kids

Scabies

  • Itching worse at night
  • Look between fingers in webs of finger-black dots

Cauda Equina:

  • Numbness tingling in sacral area
  • Low back pain severe
  • Loss of sensation in legs, butt area
  • Bowel or bladder dysfunction
  • Sexual dysfunction

Common Dx on NCLEX

  • Abdominal aortic aneurysm
    • Aorta is main supplier of blood in body
    • May have an abdominal pulsation
    • May complain of abdomen & back pain that is tearing
    • Trauma might cause
    • Risk factors: male, hypertension, smoking, atherosclerosis
  • Acromegaly
    • Hormonal disorder–>too much growth hormone
    • Pituitary tumor might be the cause–tumor produces excess growth hormone
    • Sexual dysfunction
    • Coarse facial features, oily skin, excessive sweating
    • Joints may ache
  • Acute Renal failure
    • Hydration so important!
    • The cause of the ARF needs to be identified
      • Medications
      • Dehydration
      • Kidney stones and or infections
      • Urine retention
      • Infections-sepsis
      • Blood loss-hypovolemia
  • Addison insufficiency- adrenal crisis
    • Syncope
    • Hyperpigmentation of skin
    • Hypotension
    • Fever
    • Weight loss
    • Salt cravings
  • Alcoholism
    • S/S withdrawal: n/v, tremors, tachycardia, high blood pressure, fevers, hallucinations, agitation
    • May see elevated liver enzymes
    • GGT may be elevated
    • Know CAGE questions
      • C- feel need to CUT down
      • A- ANNOYED when people talk about the alcohol use
      • G- GUILT about drinking
      • E- EYE-OPENER need to drink first thing in morning
  • Alzheimer’s disease
    • May see a decline in ADL’s
    • Misplace things easily
    • Wandering
    • Personality changes
    • Identification bracelet is important for these patients to have
  • Antisocial personality disorder
    • No regard for laws
    • Lack of empathy
    • Impulsive
    • Lack of remorse
    • No respect for the rights of others
  • Appendicitis
    • Psoas & obturator sign+
    • Leukocytosis
    • Right lower quadrant abdomen pain
  • Asthma
  • Atrial fibrillation
    • Irregular heart beat
    • Tx with beta blocker (rate control), anti-arrhtymic, and anticoagulation
    • Can cause stroke if uncontrolled
    • Electrolyte abnormalities can flare
  • Autism
  • Bipolar
    • Lithium: give during meals to avoid GI upset
      • Baseline EKG, thyroid studies
      • Dehydration can lead to lithium toxicity
      • Avoid alcohol while taking this med
      • Avoid major changes in salt intake while on this med-low salt intake may lead to higher levels of lithium
  • Bulimia
    • Elevated lipase
  • Burns
  • Cardiac Tamponade
    • Fluid accumulates around heart
    • Hypotension, distended neck veins, distant heart sounds
    • Beck’s Triad
  • C-diff
    • Treat with Flagyl and or PO vancomycin (IV vanc won’t work)
    • Contact precautions-must wash hands
    • These patients should have a single room
  • Celiac disease
    • No gluten
    • Many different vague symptoms
  • Cellulitis
  • Chronic renal failure (CKD)
    • <15 GFR usually indicated a need for dialysis
    • Have to limit foods high in phosphorus and potassium (know examples!)
    • If patient has a fistula- no blood pressure or IV stick on the side of the fistula
    • Daily weight and accurate I/O important
  • Congestive heart failure
    • JVD, swollen extremities, weight gain sudden
    • Lasix to treat
    • Echo to determine EF how well heart functioning
    • Daily weights, low sodium diet
  • COPD
    • Purulent sputum
    • Hx tobacco use
    • SOA
    • Wheezing
    • Dyspnea with exertion
  • Crohns
  • Cushing’s syndrome
  • Cystic fibrosis
  • Dehydration
    • May have acute renal failure
    • Need accurate I/Os
    • IV fluids important
    • Hold meds that may cause renal injury
  • Dementia
  • Depression
  • Diabetes
    • Think 3 P’s polydipsia, polyphagia, polyuria
    • HbA1c >6.4
    • Daily foot checks
    • Yearly eye exam
  • Diverticulitis
    • Left sided abdomen pain
    • Fever chills
    • Constipation
    • Recent eating seeds, popcorn
    • Tx: Flagyl & fluoroquinolone
    • CT abdomen to help Dx
    • Low fiber residual diet in acute flare
  • DKA
    • Confusion, nausea, vomit, abdomen pain
    • Polydipsia, polyphagia, polyuria
    • Acetone/anion gap high
    • Dehydration
    • Treat with fluids, insulin, watch potassium & other electrolytes
  • DVT
    • Pain in calf
    • Swelling and or erythema in extremities
  • Ectopic pregnancy
  • Gestational Diabetes
  • Gastroenteritis
    • Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fever
    • Recent sick contact, eating spoiled/old food
    • New restaurants or travel
  • GER
  • GERD
    • Sx: epigastric chest pain
  • GI Bleed
    • Anemia
    • Weakness
    • Blood in stool- upper coffee ground or black, bright is lower
    • Abdomen pain
    • Hx NSAID, anticoagulation use
  • Glaucoma
  • Glomerulonephritis
  • Gonorrhea
  • Hepatitis
  • HIV
  • Hyperemesis gravidarum
  • Hyperlipidemia
  • Hypertension
    • Nausea
    • Headache
    • Dizziness
    • Blurred vision
  • Hypothyroidism
    • Dry skin
    • Bradycardia
    • Fatigue
    • Weight gain
  • Intussusception
    • Currant jelly appearing stool
    • Sausage shaped mass in abdomen
    • Abdomen pain
    • Nausea/vomit
  • Kawasaki
    • High fever
    • Peeling skin
    • Rash- trunk & genitals
    • Strawberry tongue
    • Red skin- palms of hands & soles of feet
  • Marfan syndrome
    • Tall and slender
    • Long arms
    • MVP common
    • Crowded teeth
    • Flat feet
    • Scoliosis
  • Migraines
  • Myocardial infarction
    • Elevated cardiac enzymes
    • ST elevation on EKG
    • Asa 325 mg dose
    • MONA (morphine, oxygen, nitro, aspirin)
  • Myxedema coma
    • Severe hypothyroidism
    • Facial edema
    • Confusion
  • Multiple Sclerosis
    • MRI to diagnose
    • Early sx: vision changes
    • Late sx: tremors, muscle spasms, memory problems
  • Necrotizing Fasciitis
  • Nephrotic syndrome
  • Osteogenesis imperfecta
  • Osteomyelitis
    • Fever chills
    • May developed from skin ulcer
  • Osteoporosis
  • Otitis media
  • Ovarian cancer
  • Pancreatic cancer
  • Pancreatitis
    • ETOH most common cause
    • Viruses & certain meds can also cause
    • TX: usually NPO & aggressive fluids
  • Paraplegia
    • Watch for skin breakdown
  • Parkinson
    • Tremors, Rigidity, Slow moment, Pill rolling, mask like face
    • Concerns of falling
  • Peptic ulcer disease
  • Peripheral vascular disease
  • Pernicious anemia
  • Phenylketonuria (PKU)
  • Pneumocystis
  • Pneumonia
    • Back pain mid thoracic between shoulder blades
    • Cough, fever, chills, fatigue, brown colored sputum
    • Chest pain
  • Polycythemia vera
  • Preeclampsia
    • Proteinuria
    • Edema in extremities
    • Headache
    • Elevated blood pressure
    • Usually after 20 week
  • Pregnancy induced hypertension
  • Pressure Ulcer
  • Pulmonary embolism
    • Heparin or Lovenox injections usual treatment
    • Most common causes: prolonged bedrest, road trips, cancer history, clotting disorders, birth control use
  • Pyloric stenosis
    • Olive shaped mass epigastric area
    • Male infant more common
    • Projectile vomiting
    • Poor weight gain
  • Retinal detachment
    • Grey veil across vision
    • Floaters
    • Diabetes & family history increase the risk of developing
  • Rheumatic fever
  • Rheumatoid arthritis
  • Schizophrenia
  • Sepsis
    • Hypotension, fever, tachycardia
    • 30 ml/kg boluses
    • Prompt IV anbx administration cater to the source
  • Serotonin syndrome
  • Sickle cell anemia
    • Chest pain often a symptoms
    • Fluids & pain control main treatment
    • Common in African American individuals
  • Stroke
    • aphasia, confusion, facial droop, unilateral weakness
    • Dizziness
    • CT head first but may need MRI if nothing shows on CT
    • A fib uncontrolled can cause
  • Syphillis
    • RPR to help Dx
    • 1st stage: painless chancre on genitals
    • 2nd stage: lesions/rash on palms hands & soles feet
    • Latent stage: no signs or sx
    • Tertiary stage: 10-30 yrs after infection started-can affect many organs
  • Testicular torsion
    • Physical exam test: cremaster test
    • Medical emergency
    • Blood supply to testicles cut off with the twisting
    • Ultrasound to help diagnose
  • TIA
  • Tuberculosis
    • Positive PPD to help screen for this
    • CXR to help diagnose
    • Hemoptysis, fever, coughing
    • CRP elevated
  • Turner syndrome
    • Affects females
    • One of X chromosomes missing or partially missing
    • Poor growth is often an early sign
    • Web-like neck, wide set ears, broad chest, short fingers
    • Swelling hands common
  • Ulcerative colitis
    • Bloody stools
    • Anemia
  • Wilm’s tumor
    • Abdomen pain
    • Don’t palpate abdomen

Common Surgeries on NCLEX

  • Amniotomy
  • Appendectomy
  • Amputations
  • Bowel resection
  • Breast biopsy
  • Bronchoscopy
  • Cardiac catheterization
  • Carotid endarterectomy
  • Cataract surgery
  • Cesarean section
  • Cholecystectomy
  • Coronary artery bypass
  • Debridement
  • Endarterectomy
  • Femoral popliteal bypass graft
  • Hysterectomy
  • Laryngectomy
  • Lobectomy
  • Organ Transplants
    • No fresh fruits (need to be cooked or peeled if skin) and/or flowers
    • Teaching–> CANNOT miss immunosuppressants
  • ORIF
  • Skin graft
  • Thoracentesis
  • Thyroidectomy
  • Tonsillectomy
  • Tracheostomy
  • TURP
    • Blood loss is most common complication after TURP
    • CBI (continuous bladder irrigation) after TURP surgery
  • Whipple

 

 

KEY POINTS AFTER ANY SURGERY:

  • Watch for drops in blood pressure & tachycardia could indicate:
    • Sepsis
    • Hemorrhage
    • Pain medication effects
    • Anesthesia effects
  • Watch for bradypnea
    • Narcotics & anesthesia can cause a person to stop breathing
  • Urine output
    • Can indicate renal failure, dehydration
    • May indicate the need for fluids
  • Bowel sounds
    • Constipation common after surgeries
    • If bowel sounds not present, if patient eats they may have more nausea and vomiting
  • Semiprivate rooms
    • Don’t room a fresh post op patient with a patient who has an infection

Dx & Labs

  • Adrenal Insufficiency:
    • Hyponatremia
    • Hyperkalemia
    • Anemia
  • Alcoholism:
    • Hypomagnesemia
    • Thrombocytopenia
    • Hyponatremia
  • CHF:
    • BNP: increased
    • Echo: Ejection Fraction lowered
  • Chronic renal failure
    • GRF: decreased
    • Creatinine: sometimes increased
    • Hgb: decreased
    • Phosphorus: increased
    • Potassium: Can be increased
  • COPD exacerbation:
    • Elevated C02
    • Low pH
  • Cushing’s Disease:
    • Hyperglycemia
    • Cortisol: High
  • DKA:
    • Ketonuria
    • Glucose >250
    • pH <7.3 (ABG’s)
    • Anion gap >10
    • Hyperkalemia
    • Hyponatremia
  • Hypothyroidism:
    • TSH increased
    • Free T4 decreased
  • Lupus:
    • ANA: elevated
  • Myxedema Coma
    • Hypoglycemia
    • Hyponatremia
    • Free T4 low (severe)
    • TSH high
  • Sepsis:
    • Renal failure
    • Lactic acidosis
    • Liver enzyme elevation
    • Leukocytosis
  • Temporal arteritis:
    • Elevated SED rate

Dx & Associated Complications

  • Alcoholism
    • Cirhossis-liver failure: jaundice, ascites, confusion, nausea, vomit
    • Esophageal varicies: vomiting blood, anemia
    • Esophageal damage
    • Pancreatitis
    • Esophageal cancer
    • Hepatocellular carcinoma
    • Stroke
    • Encephalopathy
  • Ankylosing spondylitis
    • Uveitis/Iritis- reddened, swollen, painful eyes
    • Joint damage
    • Osteoporosis
  • Atrial fibrillation
    • Heart failure- swelling in extremities, JVD, sudden weight gain
    • Strokes-A fib can cause
  • COPD
    • Respiratory failure
    • Pneumonia often
  • Diabetes:
    • Renal failure
    • Peripheral neuropathy: numbness & tingling in feet
    • Blindness
  • Hypertension:
    • Renal failure
    • Heart failure
    • Enlarged heart
    • Strokes
  • Lyme’s Disease
    • Bells palsy- unilateral facial droop, inability to close eyelid
  • Pulmonary Embolism
    • Cancer is a risk factor
    • Factor V Leiden deficiency
  •  Rosacea
    • Ocular rosacea- constant dry and red eyes

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